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The Night of the Murdered Poets ((ロシア語:Дело Еврейского антифашистского комитета), ''Delo Yevreyskogo antifashistskogo komiteta'' "Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee case"; (イディッシュ語:הרוגי מלכות פונעם ראטנפארבאנד) ''Harugey malkus funem Ratnfarband'', "Soviet Union Martyrs") was an execution of thirteen Soviet Jews in the Lubyanka Prison in Moscow, Soviet Union on August 12, 1952.〔Rubenstein, Joshua, "Introduction," in Stalin's Secret Pogrom, ed. Joshua Rubenstein and Vladimir Naumov (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001) 504 〕 The arrests were first made in September 1948 and June 1949. All defendants were falsely accused of espionage and treason as well as many other crimes. After their arrests, they were tortured, beaten, and isolated for three years before being formally charged. There were five Yiddish writers among these defendants, all of whom were a part of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee. ==Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee== (詳細はNazi Germany catalyzed the start of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee〔Redlich, Shimon. ("Anti-Fascist Committee, Jewish." ) Jewish Virtual Library. The American-Israeli Cooperatvie Enterprise, 2010. Web. 4 Feb. 2010.〕 (JAC), a committee reaching out to Jews worldwide to support the Soviet war effort against Nazi Germany. Solomon Mikhoels, a Yiddish actor and director, headed the Committee. Other members of the committee were prominent Yiddish literary figures, actors, and doctors who wanted to help influence Jewish support for the Soviet Union through their writing and also using radio broadcasts from Russia to different countries. In 1943, Mikhoels and the vice chairman of the Anti-Fascist Committee, Itzik Fefer, traveled to the U.S. and England to help raise money. As Nazi Germany secured its stronghold in Soviet Russia, Jewish culture and identity was destroyed in the Holocaust. The last influence left in Russia were the Yiddish figures in the JAC, and soon the initial purpose for the committee was changed. The committee felt it had a duty to change priorities, and focus on the rebuilding of Jewish communities, farms, culture and identity. Not everyone agreed with the direction things were headed in and many thought the JAC was "intervening in matters in which it should not interfere."〔Rubenstein, Joshua. ("The Night of the Murdered Poets." ) The New Republic 25 Aug. 1997: Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 2 Feb. 2010.〕 At the onset of the Cold War, the newly created state of Israel was allied with the West. With antisemitism already extant in the Soviet Union, the rise of the Zionist state exacerbated official antipathy to any outward show of Jewish activism. As a result, official persecution was sanctioned, leading to the Soviet's elimination of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee in 1948 and the launching of a campaign against Zionists and so-called "rootless cosmopolitans," the preferred euphemism for Jews. ==Interrogation and indictment== The charges filed against the accused included mentions of "counterrevolutionary crimes" and organized action meant to "topple, undermine, or weaken the Soviet Union."〔Lustiger, Arno, Stalin and the Jews (New York: Enigma Books, 2003) 222. 〕 Additionally, the inculpation revealed that the investigation uncovered evidence that the accused had used the JAC as a means for spying and promoting anti-government sentiment. The indictment went on to assert that the accused had been enemies of the government prior to their involvement with the JAC, and that the JAC served as their international network for communicating anti-Soviet views.〔 Overemphasis on exchanges of relatively innocuous information between the JAC leadership and Jews in other countries, particularly American journalists, augmented accusations of espionage.〔 Another piece of evidence supporting the indictment was a letter that the leadership of the JAC wrote as a formal request for Crimea to become the new Jewish homeland.〔Rapoport, Louis, Stalin's War Against the Jews. (New York: The Free Press, 1990) 122. 〕 All of the defendants endured incessant interrogations which, for everyone except Itzik Fefer, were coupled with beatings and torture. Eventually, these tactics led to forced, false confessions. One defendant, Joseph Yuzefovich told the court at the trial, "I was ready to confess that I was the pope's own nephew and that I was acting on his direct personal orders" after a beating. Another defendant, Boris Shimeliovich, said he had counted over two thousand blows to his buttocks and heels, but he was the only member of the accused who refused to confess to any crimes.〔 Rubenstein, 2001 p. 51 〕 ==Defendants== *Peretz Markish〔("Poetry of the Holocaust." ) The Last Lullaby. Ed. and trans. Aaron Kramer. First Paperback ed. N.p.: Dora Teitelboim Foundation, Inc., 1998. 251. Google Books Search. Web. 4 Feb. 2010.〕 (1895–1952), Yiddish poet, co-founder the School of Writers, a Yiddish literary school in Soviet Russia *David Hofstein (1889–1952), Yiddish poet *Itzik Feffer (1900–1952), Yiddish poet, informer for the Ministry of Internal Affairs *Leib Kvitko (1890–1952), Yiddish poet and children's writer *David Bergelson (1884–1952), distinguished novelist *Solomon Lozovsky (1878–1952), Director of Soviet Information Bureau, Deputy Commissar of Foreign Affairs, vigorously denounced accusations against himself and others *Boris Shimeliovich (1892–1952), Medical Director of the Botkin Clinical Hospital, Moscow *Benjamin Zuskin (1899–1952), assistant to and successor of Solomon Mikhoels as director of the Moscow State Jewish Theater *Joseph Yuzefovich (1890–1952), researcher at the Institute of History, Soviet Academy of Sciences, trade union leader *Leon Talmy (1893–1952), translator, journalist, former member of the Communist Party USA *Ilya Vatenberg (1887–1952), translator and editor of ''Eynikeyt'', newspaper of the JAC; Labor Zionist leader in Austria and U.S. before returning to the USSR in 1933 *Chaika Vatenburg-Ostrovskaya (1901–1952), wife of Ilya Vatenburg, translator at JAC. *Emilia Teumin (1905–1952), deputy editor of the ''Diplomatic Dictionary''; editor, International Division, Soviet Information Bureau *Solomon Bregman (1895–1953), Deputy Commissar of Foreign Affairs. Fell into a coma after denouncing the trial and died in prison five months after the executions. *Lina Stern (or Shtern) (1875–1968), the first female academician in the USSR and is best known for her pioneering work on blood–brain barrier. She was the only survivor out of the fifteen defendants. Some who were either directly or indirectly connected to the JAC at the time were also arrested in the years surrounding the trial. Although Solomon Mikhoels was not arrested, his death was ordered by Stalin in 1948. Der Nister, another Yiddish writer, was arrested in 1949, and died in a labor camp in 1950. Literary critic Yitzhak Nusinov died in prison and journalists Shmuel Persov and Miriam Zheleznova were shot – all in 1950.〔Rubenstein, 2001 p. 53-56 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Night of the Murdered Poets」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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